Names & Taxonomy

Uniprot ID:
O00182
Entry Name:
LEG9_HUMAN
Status:
reviewed
Protein Names:
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) (Ecalectin) (Tumor antigen HOM-HD-21)
Gene Names:
LGALS9
Gene Names Primary:
LGALS9
Organism:
Homo sapiens (Human)

Structure

Length:
355
Sequence:
MAFSGSQAPYLSPAVPFSGTIQGGLQDGLQITVNGTVLSSSGTRFAVNFQTGFSGNDIAFHFNPRFEDGGYVVCNTRQNGSWGPEERKTHMPFQKGMPFDLCFLVQSSDFKVMVNGILFVQYFHRVPFHRVDTISVNGSVQLSYISFQNPRTVPVQPAFSTVPFSQPVCFPPRPRGRRQKPPGVWPANPAPITQTVIHTVQSAPGQMFSTPAIPPMMYPHPAYPMPFITTILGGLYPSKSILLSGTVLPSAQRFHINLCSGNHIAFHLNPRFDENAVVRNTQIDNSWGSEERSLPRKMPFVRGQSFSVWILCEAHCLKVAVDGQHLFEYYHRLRNLPTINRLEVGGDIQLTHVQT
Proteomes:
UP000005640

Subcellular location

Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasm

Function

Function:
Binds galactosides (PubMed:18005988). Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide (PubMed:18005988). Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3 (PubMed:16286920). Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death (PubMed:16286920). Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth (By similarity). Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration (PubMed:21670307). Ligand for CD44; the interaction enhances binding of SMAD3 to the FOXP3 promoter, leading to up-regulation of FOXP3 expression and increased induced regulatory T (iTreg) cell stability and suppressive function (By similarity). Promotes ability of mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation (PubMed:23817958). Expands regulatory T-cells and induces cytotoxic T-cell apoptosis following virus infection (PubMed:20209097). Activates ERK1/2 phosphorylation inducing cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-12) and chemokine (CCL2) production in mast and dendritic cells (PubMed:24465902, PubMed:16116184). Inhibits degranulation and induces apoptosis of mast cells (PubMed:24465902). Induces maturation and migration of dendritic cells (PubMed:25754930, PubMed:16116184). Inhibits natural killer (NK) cell function (PubMed:23408620). Can transform NK cell phenotype from peripheral to decidual during pregnancy (PubMed:25578313). Astrocyte derived galectin-9 enhances microglial TNF production (By similarity). May play a role in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus. May provide the molecular basis for urate flux across cell membranes, allowing urate that is formed during purine metabolism to efflux from cells and serving as an electrogenic transporter that plays an important role in renal and gastrointestinal urate excretion (By similarity). Highly selective to the anion urate (By similarity).
Gene Ontology Go:
cytoplasm
extracellular exosome
extracellular space
intracellular
nucleus
carbohydrate binding
disaccharide binding
enzyme binding
galactose binding
signal transducer activity
cellular response to interferon-gamma
cellular response to virus
chemotaxis
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
female pregnancy
inflammatory response
maternal process involved in female pregnancy
natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of chemokine production
negative regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
p38MAPK cascade
positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
positive regulation of gene expression
positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
positive regulation of interferon-gamma secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-10 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-12 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-13 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion
positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production
positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell
response to interleukin-1
response to lipopolysaccharide
Gene Ontology Biological Process:
cellular response to interferon-gamma
cellular response to virus
chemotaxis
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
female pregnancy
inflammatory response
maternal process involved in female pregnancy
natural killer cell tolerance induction
negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation
negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
negative regulation of chemokine production
negative regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of interferon-gamma production
negative regulation of mast cell degranulation
negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
p38MAPK cascade
positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation
positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response
positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway
positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis
positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
positive regulation of gene expression
positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
positive regulation of interferon-gamma secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-10 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-12 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-13 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-4 production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 secretion
positive regulation of interleukin-8 secretion
positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production
positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell
positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor secretion
positive regulation of viral entry into host cell
response to interleukin-1
response to lipopolysaccharide
Gene Ontology Molecular Function:
carbohydrate binding
disaccharide binding
enzyme binding
galactose binding
signal transducer activity
Gene Ontology Cellular Component:
cytoplasm
extracellular exosome
extracellular space
intracellular
nucleus
Keywords:
3D-structure
Alternative splicing
Chemotaxis
Complete proteome
Cytoplasm
Immunity
Lectin
Nucleus
Polymorphism
Reference proteome
Repeat
Secreted

Publication

PubMed ID:
9045665 9642261 16625196 15489334 16116184 16286920 20209097 21670307 23242525 23817958 23408620 24786365 24333696 24465902 25578313 25754930 18005988 18977853 20861009